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We use the Koopman operator and its approximation with the kernel dynamic mode decomposition kDMD, to design a dynamical observer, which allows us to estimate the full crowd flow, based on a partial-view of a sensing camera.
Figure 4 shows the SNR between the matrix of stacked PSFs centered at zero and its approximation with a number of eigenvectors.
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Figure 2 gives the comparison of the exact solution and its approximations with different noise.
Table 3 lists the relative root mean square error (RES) between the exact solution and its approximations with different perturbations in the data.
Table 4 lists the RES between the exact solution and its approximations with different perturbations in the data for Example 2.
In the following sections, we introduce several estimators: an estimator with less heuristics, and its approximations with some heuristics.
Figure 3 Comparisons of exact solution and its approximations at (pmb{r=0.2, 0.6, 0.9}) with (pmb{varepsilon=0.05}) for Example 2. The explanation for Table 4 and Figure 3 is similar to that for Example 1, but it is worth noting that numerical results for the a posteriori Fourier method are more accurate at (r=0.9).
In his newest film, "Black and White," Mr. Toback expands his observation to include the white kids of privilege who have swallowed hip-hop culture whole and wear its approximations with pride.
Figure 3 Example of the true distribution of the cyclic mean component based on the multinomial distribution for real part of the QPSK constellation and its Gaussian approximation with N c = 80 and γ = 0.1.
Figure 2 Comparison between the exact solution and its computed approximations with various levels of noise for Example 2: (a) p = 2, (b) p = 3, (c) p = 4. Figure 3 Comparison between the exact solution and its computed approximations with various levels of noise for Example 3: (a) p = 2, (b) p = 3, (c) p = 4.
Figure 1 Comparison between the exact solution and its computed approximations with various noise levels of ε = 0.01, ε = 0.001, ε = 0.0001 for Example 1: (a) p = 2, (b) p = 3, (c) p = 4.
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