Our sample size was determined by the number of artists within the show and was not modifiable.
While several reproductive and genetic risk factors for breast cancer have been well established in the epidemiologic literature, these factors account for less than half of all breast cancer and are not modifiable [ 2].
In addition, unlike income or educational level, race/ethnicity is not modifiable, and it has been biologically causally linked to disparities only for certain conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease) (36 ).
One interpretation of this evidence is that this linkage arises largely or exclusively from a process of biological embedding that is not modifiable by subsequent social context or experience - implying childhood as perhaps the only point at which intervention efforts are likely to be effective.
We further dissected the causative relationships between DNA methylation and gene expression by considering that the SNP triggers the causal network since its state is not modifiable in time.
For example, past behaviour may be a strong predictor of current behaviour but, as it is not modifiable, the level of prediction does not inform an intervention to change behaviour.
While past medical or obstetric history is not modifiable for the current pregnancy, the PAFs for term infants of non-diabetic mothers with a history of one previous SGA infant was 11.2% and for preterm infants was 9.8%, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring of these mothers in the current pregnancy.
The only established risk factors (age, family history of PCa and ancestry) are not modifiable [ 2].
In a multifactorial disease setting, at least some key risk factors such as age and sex are not modifiable.
Family history of premature CHD (genetic predisposition), age and gender are not modifiable independent risk factors for atherosclerosis [ 12].
Given that age, genetics and ethnicity are not modifiable risk factors, the potential role of cholesterol on prostate cancer risk may be of clinical importance.
