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Let and be observations which are drawn independently and identically from and, respectively.
It is also assumed that the main channels experience Rayleigh fading and remain constant over the block time T and varies independently and identically from one block to the other.
The error terms ε i were drawn independent and identically from a standard normal distribution, i.e. ε i ~ N 0,1), whereas the covariates were sampled independent and identically from a continuous uniform distribution, i.e. x i 1,..., x ip ~ U 0,1) for the linear setup and x i 1,..., x ip ~ U 0, 3) for the non-linear setup.
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The random matrix R is commonly constructed with elements independently and identically drawn from the Gaussian distribution.
Definition 3. Given observations and, drawn independently and identically distributed from and, respectively, the unbiased estimate of MMD is the one-sample - statistic: (3).
(textbf {s}^{c}in mathbb {C}^{N_{t}}) is the transmitted signal independent and identically drawn from the MQAM constellation, where M is the constellation size, and the covariance matrix of s c is (sigma ^{2}_{textbf {s}^{c}}textbf {I}).
This channel model is designed for SISO scenario; the extension to a SIMO scheme is achieved by assuming that the SIMO channel parameters are independent and identically distributed from the same statistical model.
The εijk are independent and identically distributed from a normal distribution with a 0 mean and a measure-specific variance (σk).
It is assumed for mathematical convenience that the Z i's are independently and identically distributed from a gamma distribution with mean 1 and unknown variance θ at time of origin.
We drew 10,000 samples that were independently and identically distributed from each of three posterior densities; (i) over the space of unrooted triplets under the JC model in 312 CPU seconds, (ii) over the clocked and rooted triplets under the JC model in 375 CPU seconds and (iii) over the clocked and rooted triplets under the HKY model in 1.2 CPU hours.
In such cases, it may not be reasonable to assume that the synthetic file represents independent and identically distributed observations from the same population.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com