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MAP3Ks on activation phosphorylate and activate a MAP kinase kinase (MAP2K; e.g., MEK) and finally activate a MAP kinase (MAPK; e.g., ERK).
Moreover, the signaling pathways of both TLR4 and RAGE might be MyD88-dependent and finally activate NF-κB, causing its phosphorylation.
However, during S-phase IRIF-like foci are formed when NER lesions generate stalled DNA replication forks, which create single-stranded stretches that are quickly covered by RPA/ATRIP and finally activate ATR, triggering replication-stress signalling [ 37, 38].
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The biofoulants complexity increases stepwise, starting from monospecies Pseudomonas aeruginosa over duospecies P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli to diluted activated sludge spiked with P. aeruginosa and finally activated sludge.
Further mechanistic studies on complex 1 indicated that it activated the expression of Bax, and induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and finally activated caspase-3.
Alkali metal-doped MoVSbO catalysts have been prepared by impregnation of a MoVSbO-mixed oxide (prepared previously by a hydrothermal synthesis) and finally activated at 500 or 600 °C in N2.
Caspase-8/9 gets activated, and finally activated caspase-3 induces cell apoptosis [106].
(B) SynNotch AND-gate circuit strategy: the synNotch receptor recognizes antigen B first, then induces the expression of CAR receptor, which recognizes antigen A, and finally activates the T cell.
Training was accomplished through successive approximation by rewarding the infants for approaching, touching, and finally activating the touch screen where a colored stimulus appeared.
With the help of the Tsp protein, fatty acids are transferred across the double membrane and finally activated by acyl-CoA synthetase, which is encoded by fadD[ 51].
For capacitation, the cholesterol influx initially stimulates the elevation of [Ca2+]i and bicarbonate into the spermatozoa and finally activates PKA and tyrosine phosphorylation, respectively, via the production of the cAMP [ 66– 66].
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