Several German battleships, thanks to watertight subdivision and efficient damage-control systems, survived despite more hits.
Thus, whereas DSB ends and ssDNA are necessary to establish a platform to assemble factors required for the localized activation of the checkpoint and for the repair of the damage, a widespread and efficient DNA damage response which should be turned off when repair is complete takes advantage of DNA species that are only produced while repair is ongoing.
Based on the changes in chromatin observed after NER, it was suggested that chromatin needs to be made more accessible in order to allow efficient damage detection and repair to take place, after which the chromatin structure is restored to prevent genomic instability and possibly to preserve epigenetic information or to leave an imprint of the damage on the chromatin.
A practical and efficient structural damage detection method must consider the characteristics of the target structure and damage in the development stage.
In the field of vibration-based damage detection of concrete structures efficient damage models are needed to better understand changes in the vibration properties of cracked structures.
It was found that the amplitude and directivity patterns of scattered fields are affected by the presence of damage, such that SHM design guidelines can be derived for efficient damage detection in the composite skin-stringer bonded joints.
It was found that the amplitude of the reflection, transmission coefficients and directivity patterns of scattered waves are affected by the presence of damage, such that Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) design guidelines can be derived for efficient damage detection in the composite assemblies using a within-the-bond inspection strategy.
But in most insulating materials, radiolysis provides a far more efficient damage mechanism; although knock-on damage must occur in organic materials, it is likely to be 103 to 106 times slower than radiolysis [27].
Furthermore, IRIF formation of DDR proteins such as 53BP1 and Nbs1 is impaired in 32Hc treated cells indicating an inability of the "positive" cells to undergo efficient damage signaling in response to genotoxic insult [16].
Another promoter, RPB2, which does not require Gcn5 for histone acetylation, also does not require Gcn5 for more efficient damage removal [ 58].
