To ascertain analytic quality all standards, controls and samples were analyzed in duplicate and all duplicates with a coefficient of variation >10% were reanalyzed.
To ascertain analytic quality all standards, controls and samples were analysed in duplicate and all duplicates with a CV >10% were reanalysed.
Intriguingly, chimeric duplicates as a group (n = 40 pairs) possessed a greatly contracted range of duplications spans (128 – 6,335 bp) relative to complete and partial duplicates, with a median value of 1,347 bp.
We then calculated the proportion of relocalized and nonrelocalized duplicates with a Ka/Ks > 1.5.
Hence, there are two reasons for why the overall P E in duplicates has no difference from that of singletons: the sampling bias toward ancient duplicates and very ancient duplicates with a higher P E than that of singletons.
Our findings suggest that two factors, the sampling bias toward ancient duplicates and very ancient duplicates with a proportion of essential genes higher than that of singletons, have caused the mouse knockout duplicate puzzle; meanwhile, the effect of genetic buffering may be correlated with sequence conservation as well as protein-protein interactivity.
It should be made clear that, in the absence of a functional characterization, including a comparison of a basal non-duplicated AR (e.g. sturgeon), duplicated AR with a non-divergent AR-B (e.g. eel) and duplicated AR with a divergent AR-B (e.g. medaka) this neofunctionalization cannot yet be formaly proved and should be regarded as only putative.
Representative tumour areas were chosen from haemotoxylin and eosin-stained sections from paraffin blocks and duplicate cores with a diameter of 1 mm tissue were transferred to a recipient block using an automated device (ATA-27; Beecher Instruments, Sun Prairie, WI, USA).
We show that an intrinsic property of this kind of networks is that, after the divergence of the parent and duplicate genes, with a high probability the previous phenotypes, encoded in the attractor landscape of the network, are preserved and new ones might appear.
All samples were measured twice, and duplicate samples with a SD larger than 0.5 were excluded from the analysis.
