Molecular phylogenies and conserved synteny analyses showed that the teleost PDE1C was duplicated through the 3R-WGD, generating two isoforms, PDE1Ca and PDE1Cb, and that PDE1Cb was repeatedly duplicated in the stickleback lineage 6 7 times through chromosome segment duplications.
ADAMTS3 and ADAMTS14 are phylogenetically closer to each other than to ADAMTS2, indicating that their corresponding genes were most probably duplicated through the 1R- and 2R-WGD, with the counterpart of ADAMTS2 being lost after the second vertebrate WGD.
It is likely therefore that genes included in the GO terms signal transduction and protein biosynthesis, which were over-represented among apple young families may have preferentially duplicated through the action of polyploidy rather than small-scale mechanisms.
Summarizing the findings, cytosolic protein kinases and receptor-like protein kinases exhibit different frequencies in the retention of genes duplicated through segmental and tandem duplications, respectively and resulted in different degrees of functional diversification.
For duplicate genomes such as soybean and maize, a portion of putative SNPs are derived from the alignment of paralogous sequences, i.e. the sequences aligned may come from different loci that are duplicated through evolution in the genome.
On the other hand, if the same gene is duplicated through a polyploidization event, all the members of the network will likewise be duplicated, retaining the network stoichiometry and reducing the likelihood of the duplicate being counter-selected.
Genes can be duplicated through tandem duplication and retrotransposition.
An ancestor of the three copies, already in this neighborhood, was duplicated through WGD and produced Pdr5p and Pdr15p in all Saccharomycetes.
From this initial chromosome organization, the ancestral diploid genome was duplicated through Whole-Genome Duplication (WGD) then fragmented giving rise to an intermediate ancestor with 2n = 2× = 24 chromosomes [ 11].
The founder of the array of F3'5'Hs on chr6 was initially duplicated through tandem gene duplication.
Genes are duplicated through two main duplication mechanisms; DNA-mediated and RNA-mediated [ 27, 28].
