Sentence examples for and confounding in the from inspiring English sources

Again, in observational studies, it is very difficult to distinguish between a causal relationship and confounding in the absence of knowledge of all the confounders.

We discussed biases and confounding in the preceding section.

Possible selection bias and confounding in the included studies might be an explanation for the observed relation between lung function and pain prevalence in the present study.

Conversely, study design and methodology can be used to limit the effects of bias and confounding in the study of weak associations.

This section discusses the decision to publish a trial protocol, the actions taken to minimize bias and confounding in the design, explains the choice for two treatment groups, discusses the secondary goals of this study and indicates the impact of this trial on clinical practice.

The complexity of adherence determinants are well documented, but studies inadequately captured and discussed confounding in the analyses.

These differences suggest that human toxicogenomic studies may be more relevant than animal studies, although differences in exposure levels, tissues examined, and uncontrolled confounding in the human study could also be contributing factors.

Of the 19 other types that the Agency reviewed, two were commonly reported to be positively related to smoking, but the Agency thought that the positive findings might be attributable to bias in one case (prostate cancer) and to confounding in the other (colorectal cancer).

Racism has proven to be a continuing and confounding reality in the story of America.

This can occur when health and hazard data are mapped independently and there is confounding in the data that may lead the investigator to an inappropriate conclusion.

Self-report of BMI and the lifestyle factors of smoking and alcohol intake leads to some misclassification and likely residual confounding in the models.