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Our results support a scenario in which HAP2/GCS1-mediated sperm-egg fusion was established in an ancestor of modern plants, protists, and animals, maintained through the lineages leading to modern sponges and cnidarians, and lost from placozoans and most bilaterians.
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As so often in (regulated) farming and hunting, the interdependence between humans and animals maintains species.
The living tissues of plants and animals maintain a balance of enzymatic activity.
Of the more than 10,000 marine and freshwater animals maintained by the aquarium, many are marine mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
At week 6, 10 control/treated mice were killed and remaining animals maintained without treatment until week 8. Tumor weights were compared by Kruskal-Wallis analysis, and vascular alterations ascertained by fluorescein angiography and specific immunostaining.
To evaluate the effect of PPARδ activation on PDK1 signaling, mammary tissue was analyzed from wild-type and transgenic animals maintained on the GW501516 diet (Figure 3A).
Rectal temperature was monitored continuously and the animals maintained at 37°C using a heated water mattress.
All mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME, USA), and the animals maintained in Seoul National University's mouse facility.
All animal research was conducted according to national and international guidelines, with animals maintained and embryos obtained according to standard fish husbandry protocols [22].
To evaluate the metabolic status of all chimeras, we determined plasma triglyceride, insulin and glucose levels, and serum adipokines in all animals maintained on high-fat diet.
The exposure periods were (7 h/d, 5 wk) for either 1 d, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months with the animals maintained their lifetime.
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