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Many of the streptococci within the pyogenic cluster express one of a variety of plasminogen activators that associate with the respective host's plasminogen to form an activation complex capable of recruiting and activating further substrate plasminogen to plasmin.
Activated neutrophils also release a plethora of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-8, IP-10 (CXCL-10) [2] and leukotriene B4 [3], recruiting and activating further inflammatory cells, thus enhancing the inflammatory response.
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Caspase-8 and -10 recruited to death receptors autoactivate themselves and activate further effector caspases (caspase-3 and -7) either by direct processing or by engaging the intrinsic death pathway [ 11].
We also found that the activity of WNK1 and WNK3 is markedly elevated and not activated further in response to osmotic stress in cells lacking SPAK/OSR1 activity, suggesting that SPAK/OSR1 can significantly influence WNK isoform activity.
When PEDF binds to the receptors, it causes these complexes to disassemble and this activates further downstream signaling events inside the cell.
Secondly, increased toxin concentrations change the surface of the sorbent and activate further binding sites (Giles et al.1974) or start binding previously bound molecules (Grant et al.1998).1998
This interaction results in the recruitment of the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF, which activate further downstream signaling cascades.
Similarly, the presence of the H3K36me3 chromatin marks and strong tri-methylation of H3K4 among genes that were not upregulated following the induction of TFs is consistent with the notion that these genes are already active and thus cannot be activated further [ 7].
Those factors can both activate further platelets and mediate a range of responses in other cells.
As more bone tissue breaks down, other processes are activated, further fueling tumor growth and creating a downward spiral.
These MSCs are also able to activate further immunological cascades, including a variety of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), that enhance and activate bone growth in the periphery [13].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com