Sentence examples for and a smaller effective from inspiring English sources

The divergence observed at the mtDNA locus was much higher (11.8%) while the diversity was lower than the nuclear average, in accordance with a higher rate of evolution and a smaller effective population size of the mitochondrial genome.

Reduced variability in the X chromosome relative to the autosomes has been described for other species, including humans [ 21, 22], Drosophila [ 23], and mice [ 24], and is explained mainly by the fact that this chromosome has a lower mutation rate and a smaller effective population size [ 25].

The average X chromosome divergence between Somali wild ass and either the Thoroughbred domestic horse or Przewalski's horses was ∼0.817% (supplementary table S3, Supplementary Material online), lower than for autosomes, in agreement with the phenomenon of male mutation bias (Makova and Li 2002) and a smaller effective population size for the X chromosome.

The flexspline has fewer teeth and consequently a smaller effective diameter than the circular spline.

This leads to decrease of pore size and to a smaller effective diffusivity for chloride (Guneyisi et al. 2005; Hossain 2003).

The mitochondrial genome is typically non-recombining, has a relatively high substitution rate, and has a smaller effective population size than the nuclear genome [ 1].

It is not completely unexpected as cpDNA is generally maternally inherited in angiosperms [ 46, 47] and has therefore a smaller effective population size than nuclear DNA.

Evidence suggests that the accumulation of substitutions in recently diverged species typically only applies to mitochondrial DNA [ 32- 34], which is nonrecombining, maternally inherited and thus has a smaller effective population size than genomic DNA.

Because of a higher mutation rate, a smaller effective population and consequently a shorter coalescence time than typical autosomal loci, the uniparentally inherited mtDNA is known to be conducive to resolving phylogenetic relationships of recently diverging taxa [ 31, 32].

It can result in a smaller effective population size and a lower amount of incomplete lineage sorting [ 72, 89].

Key elements of the sequence are insensitivity to calibration of the transmit gain, the formation of a spin echo giving high-quality spectral information, and a small effective tip angle that preserves the magnetization for a sufficient duration.