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Similar patterns can be seen in pre-modern economic history, when falling per capita GDP figures in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries wiped out earlier gains.The question that Mr Broadberry and Ms Gardner then ask is how did Europe escape from these growth reversals.
In contrast, GDP figures in the euro area were revised up by an average of 0.3 points.
According to the GDP figures, in the September quarter prices actually fell 0.4% in the September quarter and didn't grow at all over the past 12 months.
He added: "Clearly we have had a very disappointing GDP figure in the second quarter, down 0.7%, but we think that was heavily distorted by the extremely poor weather and the extra bank holiday in June.
Venezuela stopped publishing its GDP figures in 2013 but the problems are clear in the long queues for food and regular electricity blackouts.
The next GDP figures in mid-July are expected to show the slowest growth since before the financial crisis.
There may be more bad headlines ahead watch for German GDP figures in two weeks' time but the worst three months may already be over.
One theory is that the GDP figures in America are overstated.
The first signs of what has become America's longest peacetime expansion appeared in the third-quarter GDP figures in 1992, just before Mr Clinton's election.
Preliminary GDP figures in recoveries are often revised upwards, so the underlying position may be a bit better than we think.
We do not have GDP figures in 1900 for many poorer countries, especially in Latin America; as a result, the sample becomes wealthier and the coefficient (which is smaller across richer countries) becomes smaller.
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