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They note that the signal of geographic structure is still strongly evident in the expanded ancient sample, indicating that the geographic structure that characterizes Native American populations was established several thousands of years ago, based on the antiquity of samples studied genetically.
The difference was mainly caused by an elevated frequency of Hg I among the ancient sample.
As a control, we have produced further 8,982 (805,155 bp) mtDNA sequences from a contemporary specimen using the same system and starting from the same template copy number of the ancient sample.
This might be due to DNA fragmentation in the ancient sample and/or because of the DNA fragmentation process employed during the library preparation step in the WGA protocol.
The PMEL17, exon 11, mutation has been detected in an ancient sample recovered from South Siberia.
The Y-chromosome results obtained from our ancient sample are consistent with earlier studies [ 6, 43].
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Since then, researchers have adopted strict procedures to ensure they are not contaminating ancient samples with modern-day DNA.
But collecting ancient samples was just the first step.
Table 1 reports the percentage content of amino acids found in the ancient samples.
For researchers just starting to explore ancient samples, Poinar echoes Mikheyev's advice to be flexible.
"There are lots of people who are interested in working on these ancient samples.
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