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Pain is measured on a NRS (range 0-10) withethe anchor words 'no pain at all' and 'unbearable pain'.
Rectosigmoid sensation was assessed with a modified validated visual analog scale from 0 10 with anchor words.
Identical answers from a group of respondents usually indicates the inadequacy of the question posed or the anchor words used [ 25].
Global disease activity is measured on a NRS (0-10) withethe anchor words 'no symptoms' and 'extremely severe', answering the question: "All symptoms taken into account, what do you think about your condition the last week?" Health related quality of life is measured by the generic questionnaire SF-36 [ 20].
The anchor words were 0, no sensation; 1, vague perception of mild sensation; 2, definite perception of mild sensation; 3, vague perception of moderate sensation; 4, definite perception of moderate sensation; 5, pain detection threshold; 6, slight pain; 7, moderate pain; 8, medium pain intensity; 9, intense pain; and 10, unbearable pain.
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Regarding the 0 to 10 response scale, most participants (n = 14) indicated that they would not make any changes to the response numbering or the anchor wording.
Allowing that nothing is exactly the same in one language as in another, it anchors words such as abstraction, acedia, drive, disegno, Erscheinung, essence, melancholy, mimesis, praxis, pravda and others in their etymology and historical usage.
As such, participants are presented with several visible cues for scaling the severity of their pain: length, width, colour and the anchoring words.
In the same speech at the Reagan Library, Williams eerily presaged his current troubles – a full-on scandal of the social-media age, in which every clip of him on YouTube is under close review by his own peers, with a passing observation about how, as a modern news anchor, "your words are dissected in a way that we never dreamed of in the pre-internet era".
The LBCI anchor's words described a descent into the "rituals of the civil war" as the kidnappings began and Syrian refugees were chased out of neighbourhoods by thugs with sticks.
In the questionnaire, each item was measured using a 100-mm VAS, which consisted of a horizontal 100-mm line anchored by words representing the worst situation at the left extremity of the scale and words representing the best situation at the right extremity.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com