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Goats accompanying the first Neolithic migration waves into the Mediterranean were already characterized by two ancestral A and C variants.
We obtained 230 distinct α-gliadin gene sequences from severaldiploid wheat species representing the ancestral A, B, and D genomes of the hexaploid bread wheat.
Because durum and bread wheat share the same ancestral A and B subgenomes, the added resistance in bread wheat may stem from D subgenome contributions.
The ancestral A allele has a frequency of 79 and 37 % in the Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI) and the European-Americans from Utah, USA (CEU) populations, respectively.
Future genetic improvement of B. napus crops (e.g. focusing on abiotic stress tolerance, pest and disease resistance and other yield increases) will depend to a large degree on utilising the diversity present within the ancestral A and C genepools.
In the B-genome, the ancestral A base remains unchanged.
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The ancestral A- and D-like genomes are thought to have diverged only 5 10 MYA.
Arachis duranensis and A. ipaënsis are most likely the ancestral A- and B-genome species of cultivated peanut, respectively [ 2, 5, 8- 10].
Similar results were obtained for G/A codon pairs; 3.13% of ancestral G-ending codons were polymorphic and 2.22% of ancestral A-ending codons were polymorphic (G = 224.5, 1 d.f., P < 10−15).
However, the proportions varied among codon pairs (ancestral G-ending: G = 102.2, 12 d.f., P < 10−15; ancestral A-ending: G = 42.7, 12 d.f., P < 10−4) (see Table 6 for proportions).
Likewise, for twofold degenerate sites only, G tests were highly significant for ancestral C-ending and T-ending codons (P < 10−15) and for ancestral G-ending codons (P = 0.00012); however, there was no significant heterogeneity among codon pairs for ancestral A-ending codons (P = 0.403).
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