With our method, we investigated two unique intercellular events, phagocytosis and synapse formation, in real-time, and analyzed the time frame and structural changes on the cellular surface.
Moreover, by carefully analyzing the time frame required for FGF/SHH effect on hairy2 expression, we conclude that it does not involve a relay mechanism (supplementary material Fig. S4), but rather a convergence of signaling pathways in both time and space.
Despite its smaller size and propensity to adhere to the coverglass surface, we were able to position it readily next to a RAW mouse macrophage cell in order to analyze the absolute time frame of phagocytosis with this particular cell line and pathogen (Fig. 4 and Video S4).
The data that we analyzed were collected within the time frame of January 1, 2008 to March 31 , 2013
Co-culture of macrophage cells with La-IFN-β also resulted in rapid phosphorylation of STAT1 in a dose dependent manner, while no phosphorylation was observed in co-culture with the La-EV control in the time frame analyzed (Figure 2C).
The reduction was in the range of 8-12%, depending on the time frame analyzed.
Thus, within the time frame analyzed (aged 28 80 years), our data support the hypothesis that expansion (rather than generation of new deletions) dominates the age-related increase in deletion load.
To minimize this confounder, we analyzed the data by excluding the time frame of 2 years before and after the diagnosis of LCPD, and this did not change the estimates noticeably.
Incubating the immunoprecipitated XRCC1-EYFP complexes with the THF substrate in the presence of [α-P] TTP (detects first nucleotide) revealed that a fraction of the repair patch is repaired, including ligation, although in contrast to the normal AP site substrate, a fraction remained unligated in the time frame analyzed (Fig. 1D, compare lanes 1 and 2).
In some cases the moderately deficient protein C and normal protein C classes were combined for analysis of mortality by baseline protein C activity levels, after it was determined that there was no increased risk in the odds of death (odds ratio = 0.89, P = 0.07, comparing 41 80% of normal protein C activity with >80% of normal protein C activity; see Table 2), over the time frame analyzed.
