This systematic review, meta-analysis, and causation analysis find very limited evidence of a causal link between knee joint loading during walking and structural progression of knee osteoarthritis.
In contrast, Lewis's counterfactual analysis of causation is not subject to the same counterexamples, so long the counterfactuals in the definition of causal dependence and causation are interpreted in a non-backtracking fashion.
1990 Sobel, M. E. "Effect Analysis and Causation in Linear Structural Equation Models". Psychometrika 55: 49555555
Steven Shavell, An Analysis of Causation and the Scope of Liability in the Law of Torts, 9 J. Legal Stud.
Written by one of the preeminent researchers in the field, this book provides a comprehensive exposition of modern analysis of causation.
Salmon extended Reichenbach's approach, effectively thinking of explanation as identifying the causes of phenomena and, consonant with empiricist scruples, attempting to provide an analysis of causation in terms of statistical relations.
Analysis of causation to answer the following questions: Is there a logical time relationship?; Is there a large relative risk?; Can we demonstrate a dose-response relationship?; Is it reversible?; Is it consistently found to be present in different study sites?; Is it consistent for various study designs?; Is it biologically plausible?
One of Tinbergen's most important contributions to the study of animal behaviour was to stress that ethology is like any other branch of biology, in that a comprehensive study of any behaviour must address four categories of questions, which today are called "levels of analysis," including causation, ontogeny, function, and evolutionary history.
This appears to rob the theory of its status as a reductive analysis of causation.
The best known counterfactual analysis of causation is David Lewis's (1973b) theory.
