Boyd [12] analysed the energy efficiency of wet corn milling plants and argued that the advantage of using SFA to measure energy efficiency is the possibility of avoiding issues regarding the definition of energy intensity.
Power plant process simulation software is well-suited for the modelling of energy systems and more importantly, tools for analysing the energy efficiency are often built into the software.
Boyd et al. [13] used SFA to estimate plant-level energy efficiency for the manufacturing sector in the USA, while Aranda-Uson et al. [14] analysed the energy efficiency and measured the energy efficiency scores of four industries food, drink, and tobacco manufacturing, textiles, chemicals, and non-metallic mineral products—in Spain.
The developed method was tested and validated using experimental and computational performance analyses and the energy efficiency, operation and potential limitations of the developed application were also studied in existing apartment buildings.
Energy and exergy analyses show that the energy efficiency can exceed 100% as the small input speeds are considered, and the exergy efficiency has the consistent change trends with demand power.
In view of the simultaneous increase in the energy cost and environmental concerns, there is strong motivation to analyse alternative methods to improve the energy efficiency and consequently, to minimize CO2 emissions from conventional crude distillation.
Exergy analyses are thus effective in improving the energy efficiency in practical manufacturing processes.
To determine the optimal material distributions of a piezoelectric material considering the harmonic dynamic coupling effects between the electric energy and a structure for efficient EHDs, harmonic dynamic responses and the complex sensitivity analyses for various objectives related to the energy efficiency are calculated and derived.
The energy efficiency of IEEE 802.15.6-compliant WBAN has been analysed in [11] for the scheduled access mode.
Therefore, while such studies have measured the energy efficiency levels of various countries, regions, and industries, only Lin and Wang [18] have empirically analysed the determinants of energy efficiency levels.1.1
