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According to the untruthfulness condition, lying requires that a person make an untruthful statement, that is, make a statement that she believes to be false.
Against the untruthfulness condition of L1 it has been objected that an untruthful statement is not necessary for lying.
"Well, excuse me, but that's not an untruthful statement," Mr. Gore added.
Trump continued, writing that Comey was "weak," an "untruthful slime ball," and part of a "den of thieves and lowlifes".
One of the hardest things to do is to tell an untruthful story and maintain it, and that is exactly where I was stuck".
Mr. Browne acknowledged making an untruthful statement in court about the circumstances under which he had met a younger man with whom he had had a relationship.
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After that, Corker sent out a tweet of his own: "Same untruths from an utterly untruthful president.
In interviews over the last few days, Republican officials tied to the Bush campaign said a new Republican television commercial last week that cast Mr. Gore as an untrustworthy, untruthful chameleon was a harbinger of similar television salvos.
In the case of a speaker making an ironic untruthful statement, the speaker does not propose that the believed-false proposition (e.g., "Brutus is an honorable man") become common ground (Stokke 2013a, 50).
If a speaker makes an ironic untruthful statement, then "Through this presentation of himself as insincerely asserting he presents himself as believing" the opposite of what he says, which is "capacity to… assert in-effect" (Simpson 1992, 630).
And so one doubly regrets finding in her prose today a sloppy phrase like "a lying, untruthful, cunning, self-interested liar" or a stale line like " 'Back to nature,' she says with a hoot of laughter".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com