Ignoring skewness as one of the parameters summarizing the age-at-death distribution for males would therefore result in an underestimation of between-country differences among men in the countries and periods studied.
This is likely to result in an overestimation of within-study variance and an underestimation of between-study variance.
In addition, considering the multiple data filtering steps using different methods, the number of identified DMRs in this study was likely an underestimation of the between-species methylation divergence in the brain.
However, it could also be argued that adjustment for adiposity may lead to an underestimation of associations between 25(OH D and inflammatory/hemostatic markers given that adiposity is a key determinant for 25(OH D [19].
Violation of this assumption, i.e. rapid changes in guideline adherence over time in individual practices, may have led to an underestimation of associations between guideline adherence and health outcomes.
As a result, the presented variations in costs of paramedical therapy between regions may be an underestimation of actual differences between patients and regions.
This naturally leads to an underestimation of the distance between the vertically-spaced node pairs.
This naturally leads to an underestimation of the distance between the horizontally-spaced node pairs.
Assuming that our control sample from a university hospital environment has a higher mean level of education would possibly result in reduced female 2D∶4D ratios and would thus result in an underestimation of the difference between alcohol dependent patients and controls.
Alternatively, our inclusion of only HIV-positive participants with CD4+ T-cell counts greater than 200/mm3 may have led to an underestimation of the relationship between HIV and HHV-8 replication, though previous work from our group and others has shown HHV-8 oral replication to be more common in HIV-positive persons with higher CD4+ T-cell counts [23], [34].
These limitations may lead to an underestimation of the association between FGF23 and outcome.
