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He was able to establish the plant in the field, and after 39 years of field trials was able to show that the autopolyploid was not as successful as its diploid parent in an unchanging environment.
So far, we have considered a deterministic transmission model within an unchanging environment.
At steady state, a continuous culture device will dilute cells and waste products at the same rate that they are being produced leading to an unchanging environment.
In an unchanging environment, sexual reproduction of well-adapted genotypes is evolutionarily costly, meaning that most sexual progeny will have a lower fitness than the successful parent.
Regardless of the exact details of the predator-prey interaction (i.e., gape-limited or otherwise), predators generally should evolve to prey upon individuals near the phenotypic mean of the prey species in an unchanging environment [ 20].
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Controls, living in a relatively unchanging environment, may have been more negatively affected by novelty and change in the tests, resulting in more 'pessimistic' decisions and enhanced anxiety-like behaviour relative to UHT rats.
In biology, this means that animals and plants don't just disappear because of bad luck in a static and unchanging environment, like a gambler losing it all to a run of bad luck at the slot machines.
Brain aging happens differently in a short-lived animal raised in a nearly pathogen-free and unchanging environment (incl. a never changing diet) than in a human being where numerous environmental influences can play a role.
Movements of bovines since 2001 have not occurred in an unchanging regulatory environment.
Numerically analysing the equations in the case of unchanging environment, we found that sexual selection can favour the short term evolution of obligatory sex on the background of facultative sexuality when genome mutation rate is high enough, even if the cost of sex is significant.
Simulations indicate this gives sex an evolutionary advantage, even in stable, unchanging environments.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com