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If a state of affairs obtains, then an obtaining state of affairs exists, a fact exists.
On this view the reason why it is redundant to say that a fact obtains is that a fact is just an obtaining state of affairs.
But the set of all states of affairs itself is not independent, since in every world there is an obtaining state of affairs.
In practice this convolution may be physically implementable by passing the input through a dynamical system, such as an electronic circuit, an obtaining Y as output.
If 'p' and 'q' are elementary propositions, the molecular proposition 'p & q' is true if, and only, if 'p' pictures an obtaining state of affairs and 'q' does the same.
A justification of an obtaining moral state of affairs A is some obtaining moral state of affairs B (where A is not identical with B), which in conjunction with the other non-moral facts entails that A obtains.
Similar(51)
Obtaining a marriage license.
Consider obtaining a thesaurus.
I obtained an M.Sc.
Alternatively, obtain a wig.
Obtain an old luggage.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com