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Central Nervous System (CNS) medication prescription according to prison records was used as an objective proxy for mental illness.
This profile contains the percentage of their patients who were prescribed an antibiotic during 2011 and is an objective proxy for their general antibiotic prescribing behaviour.
As the primary traffic related air pollutants are highest at the roadside and decline exponentially[ 12], we have chosen to use distance between home residence and the nearest major road as an objective proxy of exposure to traffic pollution, and to look particularly at dose-response relations across the first 150 m from the roadside where most of the decline occurs.
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However, this moderating influence also becomes statistically insignificant when we measure the study quality of published work by the Journal Impact Factor, which is a more objective proxy than the somewhat subjective Study DIAD proxy.
Actigraphy would have been the only possible objective proxy measurement for sleep in such a large cohort, but has drawbacks such as it may interpret restless sleep as being awake.
Our study explored two relatively objective proxies of knowledge value in a convenience sample of PD studies using research biopsies.
In particular, we measured two objective proxies of knowledge value: reporting practices and outcome diversity.
From the efficiency control, mortality and average daily weight gain were used as objective proxies for health and productivity at the farm.
On the other hand, one of the limitations of the study is the absence of objective proxies of SHS levels such as PM2.5, CO, or air nicotine.
Average daily weight gain and mortality may be used as objective proxies for health and productivity, since diseased pigs are expected to have a reduced weight gain and may die [ 18].
Although procurement is only a proxy for hand hygiene compliance, nevertheless it is an objective measure collected in a comparable manner through NHS procurement across almost all trusts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com