What must be must be free from any internal variation.
As described in the Methods, the sensitivity of a model to internal variation can be investigated through parameter perturbations, measured here by determining the degree of sensitivity (DOSl,i,j) and their statistics (Equations 6 8).
When calculated inside each of our sampling of the peripheral subspecies, this becomes 0.10, 0.13 and 0.09 for M. m. castaneus, M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus respectively, thus indicating a consequent amount of internal variation inside each of them.
Whole genome sequence-based dates show that the ancestral haplogroup L3f must have emerged soon after the Out-of-Africa migration (around 57,100 ± 9,400 YBP), but the "Chadic" L3f3 clade has much less internal variation, suggesting an expansion during the Holocene period about 8,000 ± 2,500 YBP.
After all, the sector is such a broad issue with so much internal variation, and it is probably not suitable as an ideal measurement of context.
Both notions of internal contrast or internal variation of a component, and external contrast or external variation between two components are based on the dissimilarity between two colors [37]: E x t V a r ( C ′, C ″ ) = max ( h i, h j ) ∈ c b ( c ′, c ″ ) w ( h i, h j ) (3) I n t V a r ( C ) = max ( h i, h j ) ∈ c w ( h i, h j ) (4).
Partly as a result of this large internal variation, no significant difference in the median DWV titre could be observed between queens of different ages.
Because sequences selected for RefSeq were limited to only one record per species (a few species with known internal variation had multiple records from one specimen), the group was not defined at species rank but at genus rank.
The advantage of this methodology is that it takes into consideration technical noise and internal variation between replicates within a sample group and provides a baseline for selecting biologically significant genes [ 73].
