If the value is an intermediate quantity, the element has a membership degree to the set [32].
In order to obtain a reference value for our study, the intermediate quantity of the EM algorithm is also estimated 30 times using the GRand PaRIS algorithm with N = 5000 particles, the reference value is then computed as the arithmetic mean of these 30 estimations, and denoted by (widehat {Q}_{star }).
The intermediate quantity of the EM algorithm is evaluated as for the SINE model, see Figs. 3, 9, and 10.
These quantities appear naturally when computing the Fisher score in hidden Markov models or the intermediate quantity of the expectation maximization algorithm (see Section 5).
Round-shaped structures have been obtained by using low relative quantity of PS, single wires and entangled wires have been obtained by using relative intermediate quantity of PS and high relative quantity of PS, respectively.
The intermediate quantity of EM is begin{aligned} mathcal Q(boldsymbol{theta};boldsymbol{theta}^{prime})&=E_{boldsymbol{theta}^{prime}}(l^{c}(boldsymbol{theta})|text{boldmath(Im)}_{T}) &=sumlimits_{i=1}^{n}left(sumlimits_{j=1}^{2}E_{boldsymbol{theta}^{prime}}left[mathbb{I}(w_{i1}=j log{(pi_{j}f y_{it}|w_{i1}=j))}|text{boldmath(Im)}_{iT_{i}}right]right.
Countries with high and intermediate disease contracting probability receive a higher than average quantity of external aid.
We compare the estimation of the EM intermediate quantity with the one obtained by the fixed lag method of [27], for different values of the lag (namely, 1,2,5,10,50).
Estimation of the EM intermediate quantity (mathcal {Q}(theta,theta)) using the fixed-lag (FL) technique for five different lags, and the GRand PaRIS algorithm using 200 replicates.
Fig. 2 SINE model - EM intermediate quantity.
