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We have also demonstrated how an integration host factor helps Cas1-Cas2 recognize the CRISPR array for site-specific integration.
The genome of A. digitifera encodes an integration host factor subunit beta (IHFB), first discovered as a host factor for bacteriophage λ integration of mobile genetic elements, that in E. coli is involved in multiple processes of DNA replication, site-specific recombination and gene expression [ 429].
MITEs are multifaceted, for example, they can carry structure/function motifs, such as an integration host factor (IHF) binding site (Buisine et al. 2002), a methyltransferase binding site (Chen and Shapiro 2003), or promoter sequences (Black et al. 1995; Buisine et al. 2002; Snyder et al. 2003).
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While Cori shows some apparent similarities with the E. coli ori such as a 40 bp AT-rich region, presence of DnaA boxes and an IHF (integration host factor) binding site, it has an additional regulatory protein, CtrA.
In E. coli, Mu transpososome assembly is facilitated by two host-encoded DNA bending proteins HU and a sequence-specific integration host factor (IHF) (Swinger and Rice 2004).
While, individually, these proteins stabilize alternative DNA architectures consistent with either plectonemic or toroidal coiling of DNA, the combination of histone-like protein, histone-like nucleoid structuring protein, and integration host factor produces a conspicuous semiperiodic structure.
The other major nucleoid associated proteins are FIS (factor for inversion stimulation), H-NS (histone like nucleoid protein), IHF (integration host factor) and a stationary phase specific DNA binding protein, DPS (DNA binding protein from starved cells [2], [7], [8].
In bacteria they may play a regulatory role, analogous to the integration host factor, which is thought to change chromosomal architectures in order to facilitate regulation of transcription of, for example, key virulence proteins in V. cholerae [ 23].
Involvement of integration host factor (IHF) as an additional regulatory protein in the pac gene transcription regulation was also analyzed.
Integration host factor (IHF) is an Escherichia coli protein involved in (i) condensation of the bacterial nucleoid and (ii) regulation of a variety of cellular functions.
Integration host factor (IHF) is a heterodimeric, site-specific DNA-binding and DNA-bending protein from Escherichia coli.
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