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The following day, we removed all males, and each female (unmated N = 81; mated N = 37) was placed individually in a Petri dish along with an intact seed.
In each case, downregulation of the specific target gene for a given miRNA is dependent on the miRNA having an intact seed region homologous to the target gene 3′ UTR.
Changes in the images at a median longitudinal section normal to the raphe antiraphe (Fig. 1C, α section) are presented from 5 min after the start of imbibition with 15-min intervals to 1 h 20 min for an intact seed in Fig. 9A F, and for the embryo in Fig. 9G L.
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For a germinated subpopulation, a newly germinated intact seed (spikelet) was cut in a cross section at 1/3 to the endosperm end.
Western blotting analysis (Fig. 6B) showed that the mutant miR420 did not affect the levels of Su var)3 9 expression, suggesting that intact seed sequence was crucial for functioning.
Images from the P. radiata cone scanned with intact seed indicated non-viable seeds which were easily distinguished from viable seeds (Fig. 4).
Changes for the intact seed were similar to those in Fig. 2: i.e. a weak water signal was detected in the first image; the signals subsequently intensified with thickening of the testa (Fig. 9A C); and a vertical air space was formed between the cotyledons (Fig. 9D F).
Provided the seed retains an intact embryonic axis, seed germination is possible and germination speed can be enhanced (Dalling et al. 1997; Takakura 2002; Pérez et al. 2008).
Bonobos dispersed intact seeds of 77 species, 80.8% of which were large-seeded (≥ 10 mm long), of which few can be dispersed by sympatric frugivores.
Protein, oil, sugar, and moisture contents in more than 10 g of the intact seeds were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy with a Foss Infratec 1241 Grain Analyzer using the calibration model SO138111 Soybeans STM (FOSS North America, Eden Prairie, MN, USA).
A kinetics of starch gelatinization was constructed and incorporated in a heat and mass transfer model to quantitatively investigate starch gelatinization in intact seeds during steaming.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com