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The reason that the term Socrates is an individual term and not a universal is that the entity which it designates is an individual, not a universal.
Note that an individual term in the sum (10) will be zero if either ζ k ⊥ v i or if M ⊥ v i for a given eigenvector v i.
The last sentence of Porphyry's text ties the ontological notion of an individual to a collection of properties, and as a corollary, it can be taken to tie the notion of an individual term to a descriptive phrase.
Variant names included different terms for the same concept and different ways of expressing an individual term (e.g. variations in word order).
The highest log-likelihood was obtained with model IC, which combines the use of an individual term and environmental classes, and has the same number of parameter estimates as the CLASS sire and animal-CLASS models.
Using an individual term to model the genetic effect not covered by the sire-effect seems to be an adequate way to model heterogeneous residual variance caused by heterogeneity of genetic variance.
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For example, the probability that an individual (termed the "ego") and his/her acquaintance (termed the "alter") are jointly obese decreases with geodesic distance (i.e., the number of sequential steps that link two nodes).
More formally, in Eq. (1) the error term (epsilon _{ij}) is composed of two parts: begin{aligned} epsilon _{ij}=eta _{ij}+u_{ij} end{aligned}where (eta _{ij}) is an unobservable individual term correlated with migration and (u _{ij}) is an unobservable individual term that is not correlated.
FAIME uses mRNA expression arrays as input and as output provides a score for each individual term for the gene annotation set (GO, CM) desired.
In particular, microorganisms assembled in the ecologic niche of a host individual, termed microbiota, also seem to play an important role in modulation of the immune system (Guarner 2006).
A variety of isotropic and anisotropic functions for transversely isotropic material behaviour are derived, where each individual term fulfills a priori the polyconvexity condition.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com