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For waist circumference a decrease was defined as a decrease of at least 2 cm, a stable waist circumference was defined as a change between - 2 cm and 2 cm, and an increase was defined as 2 cm increase or more.
An increase was defined as a 2001 self-reported value of smoking, drinking and body weight greater than the self-reported value in 1999; a decrease was defined as the inverse.
An increase was defined in cases showing more than a 1.5-fold increase.
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We defined "desaturation" as an oxygen saturation of less than 80%, and we defined "increased respiratory rate" as a respiratory rate above 60 or, if the infant's baseline respiratory rate was already above 60, an "increase" is defined as a respiratory rate above the baseline.
A dose increase was defined as an increase in the cumulative daily dose of a currently used medication or a medication that was prescribed in the past 90 days.
A significant increase was defined as a z-score >2 (7 ).
For the HI method, seroconversion was defined as post-vaccination anti-HA titre ≥ 40 (1/dil) for subjects with a pre-vaccination titre < 10 (1/dil) and a significant increase was defined as ≥ fourfold increase in anti-HA titre for subjects with a pre-vaccination titre ≥ 10 (10dil).
For the SRH method, seroconversion was defined as a post-vaccination anti-HA titre ≥ 25 mm2 for subjects with a pre-vaccination titre ≤ 4 mm, and a significant increase was defined as ≥ 1.5-fold increase from pre-to post-vaccination for subjects with a pre-vaccination titre > 4 mm2 [ 24].
A pathological increase was defined as any value above these ranges.
d A 1-unit increase was defined as half of the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles for creatinine-adjusted 1-OHPG measurements among controls.
Increase was defined as a positive change.
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