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The third pattern involves an increase in transposition rate with time, compatible with an ongoing burst.
This may reflect an increase in transposition rate or be a product of the recent population bottleneck C. rubella experienced in conjunction with the evolution of selfing [ 40, 49].
An increase in transposition rate certainly can lead to an increase in genome size [ 37].
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The significant hypomethylation observed at CpG units may imply an increase in retro-transposition, which may in turn decrease the chromosomal stability of TOF subjects during early embryonic development.
A 200-fold increase in transposition in the mouse germline has also been achieved by codon optimisation of the human L1 coding region [270].
If mobilization is accompanied by an increase in copy number (replicative transposition), the transposon may sweep through a population until it is fixed in all of its interbreeding members.
Interestingly, TE sequences usually show a decrease in methylation and an increase in expression (and sometimes transposition) following biotic and abiotic stresses [ 39, 63, 64].
By removing most of the nonfunctional sequences of piggyBac and Tol2 TRDs, we observed a 1.5- and 3.3-fold increase in transposition activity for piggyBac and Tol2, respectively.
Removing the majority of the terminal repeat sequences of piggyBac and Tol2 resulted in a 2.6- and 4.7-fold increase in transposition activity as compared to their wild-type counterparts.
The universal increase in transposition rates represents a very different type of response to that seen with the three other classes of mutations, in which the rate nearly always decreased or remained unchanged (except for the increase in transversion rate caused by live E.coli).
Recently, a hyperactive SB transposase mutant (SB100X) with ∼100-fold increase in transposition efficiency over the first-generation SB transposase enzyme was reported [39].
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