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In the Z-scheme systems, the self-bias would act as an extra driving force for carriers' charge transfers and transportation while their performance is still governed by the materials and the competition between chemical reaction and recombination.
Moreover, by recalling the definition of thermodynamic factor Γ ≡ ∂ ln p ∂ ln c (c is the equilibrium concentration with respect to the pressure p) [40, 46], which can be interpreted as an extra driving force for transport diffusion, transport diffusivity is found to be correlated to the M-S one as follows: D T = Γ Ð i. (2).
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Meanwhile, the grooves between nanohemispheres will provide the extra driving force for DV stacking.
The surface alternating current nanocrystalline treatment induces atom of upper surface to recombine leading to form nanograins layer, which supplies extra driving force for the nitride formation process.
Especially, the hydrogel used increases the adhesion between PANI and MWCNTs, buffers the structural variation of PANI during cycling, and provide extra driving force accelerating electrolyte penetration throughout active materials.
The mechanical manipulation can clearly provide the necessarily extra driving force to facilitate the cold welding and unification of two nanowires.
This can be explained by short spex milling time; the Nb/Al powders lacked enough extra driving forces for diffusion reaction.
Stored strain energy can add extra thermodynamic driving force for dissolution and result in varied dissolution rates depending on the sign of the stress.
Canada, finally, can be a mediator and a driving force.
MR: Plus the pair makes for an amazingly driving force.
In these experiments, reduction of mannitol concentration provides an osmotic driving force, without changing the driving force for accumulation of any substrate.
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