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Therefore, this paper 1) identifies a hydropower project's externalities using the Externality Theory based on analysis of input and output factors; 2) chooses or designs a specific calculation method for each externality and subsequently establishes an externality evaluation model for hydropower projects; and 3) calculates and analyses the externalities of the TGP (Three Gorges Project).
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The procedure considers the information deriving from complementary evaluation approaches, each applied within its appropriate time-space window of interest: (a) Process-related, local-scale methods (Energy, Exergy and Thermoeconomic analyses); (b) Environmental assessment methods (Impact Assessment, Emergy Synthesis); (c) Economic methods (Micro- and Macro-Economic and Externality Evaluations).
This is an externality.
Research bestows an externality on society.
The classic case of a market failure is an externality.
And unfortunately for prospective developers, that's an externality that's very difficult to mitigate.
A contemporary example of such an externality is where an industry damages the environment.
Ironically, this is also an externality problem, but this externality is positive and results in too little innovation, in contrast to the negative externality of greenhouse gases that results in too many emissions.
The sale of personal data to third parties, in economic terms, is an "externality".
The externality-confronting social investment welfare state certainly faces dilemmas over when more is to be gained from accepting an externality than from eliminating it; and politics will usually determine the outcome.
The storms were vivid evidence of an externality that environmentalists had warned about for years, to little avail.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com