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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05856.014 We focus on a single gene and assume that the gene starts out unregulated, with an expression distribution characterized by a certain mean μ and variance σ.
An expression distribution filter is also used to remove those genes (actually, probe sets) whose decision class boundaries are within 10 units (raw signal values; see Figure 2) of each other, since the lack of a significant difference between LOW and HIGH expression values for a gene may indicate a lack of true signal in the data.
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(A ) Expression distribution of an unregulated promoter (blue curve) and selected expression ranges in three different environments, that is, the red, gold, and green dashed curves show fitness as a function of expression level in these environments.
We also controlled for expression level by dividing the data set in transcripts with low (0.5 2 FPKM) and high expression (>2 FPKM), and by sampling the codRNAs in such a way as to have a similar expression distribution as lncRNAs.
From these plots it is not apparent if all the raw distributions belong to a common expression distribution (e.g. the average distribution highlighted as the black dotted line) or if they constitute a set of different families of distributions (e.g. one distribution per experimental group).
However, these methods require an assumption of a discrete gene expression distribution that may not completely reflect the underlying biology.
Since regulators affect the expression of their targets in a linear manner, coupling a promoter to a combination of different regulators is equivalent to coupling the promoter to a single 'effective regulator' whose expression distribution is a linear combination of the expression distributions of the individual regulators.
Cells in the 1 g control group exhibited a similar ICAM-1 expression distribution as cells from the μg group.
In brief, Z-score is a measure of the expression of an individual gene to the gene's relative to the expression distribution in a reference population.
The h,m/m mouse receptor expression distribution demonstrates an apparent overlay of the m/m and h,−/− pattern.
In both models, the gene expression distribution from a single adenoviral deposit could be accurately described by a Gaussian function.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com