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The military has provided the most research on the folly of hubris, and Gladwell points to the British failure at Gallipoli to draw out the two most common, and damaging, kinds of overconfidence: miscalibration (when an expert overestimates the accuracy of his or her prediction) and illusion of control (when an expert thinks his or her expertise can inevitably find a way out of the problem).
Indeed, even if the object were to 'get inside the lecturer's head', the best way to guess how an expert thinks is surely to learn to think as an expert.
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Bruce Schneier, an internet-security expert, thinks it is a bit like worrying about spammers stealing a copy of the telephone directory.
Ros Altmann, an independent pensions expert, thinks the DB model "little better than a Ponzi scheme", since a badly-performing fund can delay fully funding its liabilities.
Richard Garwin, a missile-defence expert, thinks the test adds weight to the view that the missiles should be intercepted soon after they are launched, not in space.
Cardiff City may be gambling their international marketing strategy on red - but a sports finance expert thinks the Championship club are "dreaming" if it will get them into the black.
But Suzanne Gordon, a veterans healthcare expert, thinks CVN could end up diverting resources away from the VA itself.
Outside Netanyahu's aides and a fringe of raptors, just about every expert thinks that a military strike at this time would be a catastrophically bad idea.
I'm clearly living in the past though, because I'm not that fussed about what the Winkwell book group thinks; I still want to know what some kind of book expert thinks – a writer even.
If you can't find an accessible expert, think about doing a search online for an expert in the relevant field and sending them an email.
It's the type of dynamic that can make an outside expert think twice before tweeting a snarky reaction to a Clinton gaffe or offering a less-than-flattering quote to a reporter.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com