We used an exact likelihood approach to obtain pooled estimates of prevalence.
Alternatively an exact likelihood approach based on the binomial within-study distribution can be used.
No outgroup was necessary for MCMCTREE, which calculates an exact likelihood using just ingroup sequences.
We used an exact likelihood approach based on the binomial within-study distribution.
A random effects model used an exact likelihood method in which within-study variance was based on binomial distribution [ 36].
Estimating the exact likelihood of these outcomes is challenging, but the attrition rate for moderate Republicans has been high in recent cycles, especially in New England.
For data generated under each condition, the exact likelihood of all 16 possible conditions, assuming the correct evolutionary model, was calculated as follows.
In real life, the exact likelihood of punishment is often unknown and individuals have to estimate the likelihood of punishment based on experience: such as whether an expected punishment occurred or not.
Previous studies (Glidden and Liang 2002; Noh et al. 2005) indicated that the exact likelihood analysis of ascertained data is sensitive to mis-specification of the random-effect distribution.
Applying the 'skyline plot' approach to microsatellite polymorphism at dozens of loci presents several difficulties because the mutational process of microsatellites only provides poor information on the coalescence trees, and the calculation of the exact likelihood needs the simulation of very many admissible trees which requires very long calculation time (e.g., MSVAR software).
On the other hand, the modified MAP approximation (29) leads to a scaled version of the exact likelihood p y n |q n ), cf. (27), with the scaling factor (p(mathbf {x}_{n}^{text {MAP}}|mathbf {y}_{n}, q_{n} phantom {dot {i}!}) being all the higher with increasing accuracy of the approximation (29).
