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In 2006, the prevalence of HIV among antenatal clinic attendees was 33% and close to 6,000 tuberculosis cases were notified in 2008, giving an estimated case notification rate of 1158/100,000/year (based on an estimated population of 500,000) [6], [6].
In 2015, widespread ZIKV infection was reported in Brazil and other parts of South America, with an estimated case counts of 1.3 million cases (Hennessey et al., 2016; Mlakar et al., 2016).
These figures equate to an estimated case notification rate for MDR-TB of 51/100,000/year, with new cases constituting 55% of the estimated MDR-TB burden.
The national TB control programme has expanded DOTS to 100% of government health facilities and has achieved a 76% cure rate and yet has an estimated case detection rate of new smear positive cases of only 53% [6].
Sporadic human cases with an estimated case fatality rate close to 60% continue to occur [ 3].
The last four influenza pandemics have ranged in severity from mild, having an estimated case fatality ratio (CFR) between 0.01% and 0.08% [ 1] as in the case of the 2009 pandemic, to severe, having an estimated case fatality ratio between 0.74% and 1.8% [ 2- 4] as in the case of the 1918 pandemic.
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Indeed, Zaire Ebolavirus is the most lethal species with an estimated case-fatality rate of 76 %, considerably higher than the Sudan (55 %) and the Bundibugyo (37 %) species [ 31].
This is 43.2% of all estimated cases, indicating a low detection rate of MDR-TB.
A major difficulty in estimating case fatality rate is ensuring the accuracy of the numerator and the denominator.
According to WHO, polio cases decreased by over 99 per cent from 1988 to 2012 – from an estimated 350,000 cases to 223 reported cases.
Under 600 matches (0.8%) were made using keys with an estimated 'worst case' FMR of more than 10% (just 15 matches with an estimated 'worst case' FMR of more than 20%).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com