The vertically integrated state-owned company had a legally established monopoly on the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Turkey.
Moreover, Parliament's established monopoly of granting taxes made its assent necessary for the improvement of the crown's finances, which had been seriously undermined by the expense of the long war with Spain.
Moreover, the system effectively bars new players in any industry that would have to buy all their allowances – creating unshakeable established monopolies.
"However, this government are so much in the pockets of those established monopolies that they are doing their bidding in actively destroying UK renewables.
Other countries, especially some in western Europe, have established monopolies boards, which monitor or oversee activities of large corporations in the field of takeovers and mergers.
In practice, it is likely to extend the purview of the state into private business, not least mergers while leaving established monopolies, often associated with the government, entrenched.
It is the long shadow of the Rust Belt steel boom that especially compels her; she is a black child of Braddock, a "financially distressed municipality" of Pittsburgh, according to the Pennsylvania government, where Andrew Carnegie and the barons of metal had once established monopolies on that dangerous, alchemical work.
Nick Pascoe, managing director at Orta Solar, which is in the process of closing, making four permanent staff redundant and affecting 11 more contractors, told the Guardian: "The rest of the world has recognised that renewable electricity inspires countless entrepreneurs to set up localised generation businesses and that it can challenge the market share of the established monopolies.
In essence, investors are saying telecom entrepreneurs have the clearest shot at taking territory away from established monopolies.
This week, two German contenders stand on the cusp of overthrowing an established Spanish monopoly.
