Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well established example in that patients with IBD have an increased risk for the development of CRC [ 4].
A particularly established example is the use of the 1930s Penguin book covers as a logo for all manner of goods, deliberately calling to mind Penguin's mid-century role as a substantially educative publisher.
As a less established example, haptoglobin (Hp) and hemopexin (Hpx) were reported to prevent oxidative damage resulting from hemoglobin in erythrocytes as well as protect kidney in humans (Burbea et al., 2004).
One now established example of a futile cycle in glycolysis involves a shunting step in which fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) is phosphorylated to form fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, which is then dephosphorylated back to F6P, resulting in net ATP hydrolysis.
The best established example of such a survival benefit is the sickle cell trait, an inheritable hemoglobin modification.
Another established example is the NICE Public Health Guidance of the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Guidance [ 9].
There are a number of established examples of the interactions of splicing factors with the polyadenylation complex (Lutz et al. 1996; Gunderson et al. 1998; Shi et al. 2009).
As in experimental fungal diseases there are a few but well established examples of antibodies whose protective value is modulated depending on the isotype [33], [38], we wondered whether, and to what extent, the anti-β-glucan IgM was also protective.
