In each case, mayors, governors, town managers, and city- and state-council officials engaged in the transfer of public assets to private hands amid considerable pomp and circumstance--with few, if any, enforceable provisions to regulate the deals on the private side.
Treasury Secretary Lew, a very smart, compassionate guy with whom I'm proud to have worked, is quoted in the piece saying: "...an enforceable provision on currency could have a negative impact on our ability to protect American workers and firms and set back our international efforts".
Nettleton and Friel acknowledge some of the changes represent improvements: a modest extension of legally enforceable provisions into the area of social care, that local authorities are required to publish details of what they can provide in a "local offer", and that the new plans can run to the age of 25.
Rep. Sandy Levin has offered a substitute measure that includes tough labor standards as well as enforceable provisions on currency manipulation.
(Consequently, the statutes currently governing primary judicial elections and setting such elections for Tuesday, June 7 , 1994 are the only enforceable provisions regarding said primaries).
Last May, President Obama chose Nike headquarters in Oregon for a major speech on the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal — emphasizing its "strong, enforceable provisions" on labor standards — and was roundly criticized.
He failed to persuade Congress to renew the powers in his second term, when he was defeated by House Democrats and by organized labor, which wanted enforceable provisions protecting workers' rights and environmental standards.
And Representative Richard A. Gephardt, the House minority leader, said most House Democrats were adamant that any legislation contain tough language to ensure enforceable provisions protecting workers rights and environmental standards.
The PTA depth index calculation follows Mulabdic et al. (2017): based on the content of the trade agreements database, we count the number of legally enforceable provisions covered by each agreement and normalize it between 0 and 1. Fixed-effect dummies are used to capture all sources of unobserved heterogeneity that are constant for each period of time, individual, and sector.
However, these declarations were generally considered "mere admonitions to state legislatures", rather than enforceable provisions.
