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Types 11 and 12 represent the semantic junction of an empty category and thing with process (N.B. although Halliday & Matthiessen do not define an empty category as an element).
Elemental categories, quality, process, circumstance, relator, an empty category, thing and circumstance are placed with congruent examples in the first column.
Jefferson's views on race of course have been roundly refuted by modern science, which shows that race biologically is an empty category.
Love, as Beck and Beck-Gernsheim argue, has become an empty category, which lovers themselves must fill in relation to their own biographies and emotional lives.
However, as discussed above, proposing a Pro in the de-clause for examples like 74 and 77 instead of proposing a simpler structure without positing such an empty category does not solve the problem.
Similar(55)
The historical record clearly shows it was not a perfect state, a rather empty category anyway.It would seem to suggest, however, that as long as it was free to govern itself it was a decent state by the standards of the time and place, or, for that matter, by most other standards.
Here, we treat the empty category in the complement of the base verb as a variable rather than a small pro on grounds that (i) it cannot be replaced with an overt pronoun; (ii) it must be coreferential to the antecedent applied object.
Other times, 'Universal Grammar' is used to refer to certain specific proposals as to the content of our innate linguistic knowledge, such as the Government-Binding theorist's claim that we have inborn knowledge of such things as the Principle of Structure Dependence, Binding theory, Theta theory, the Empty Category Principle, etc.
An alternative would be to omit small centres with empty categories from comparisons since with very few events their standardised rates may be too unreliable for robust comparisons anyway.
Fair judges speak of discolored, shrunken vegetables and nearly empty categories (only one gladiola appeared at the Dane County Fair, a judge there said).
(See Chomsky 1981 and Lasnik and Uriagereka 1986 for more on traces and other empty categories).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com