Piospheres have an effect on both soil and vegetation.
Tine spacing is a key parameter for the design of a subsoiler and has a significant effect on soil disturbance, which is a critical performance indicator of subsoiling.
Research has proven that land use has an important effect on soil denitrification.
Organic substrates and inorganic carbon have an important effect on soil pH in red soils, but the mechanisms underlying soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization by soil microorganisms due to pH change have been little studied.
Moreover, MPK treatment also had an accumulative effect on soil OM.
This observation was agreed with previous studies in which application of higher concentration of chlorothalonil had an inhibition effect on soil bacteria (Kumar Singh et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2006).
The exposition may have an indirect effect on soil mites via influencing the local microclimate.
Different chemical constituents interact with one another and cause a complex effect on soil properties and plant growth.
Algal inoculation, or so-called algalization, has been applied as an alternative to fertilizer because it exerts a positive effect on soil properties (Aiyer et al., 1972) and provides better N-availability than chemical fertilizers (Tirol et al., 1983).
