Although an effect of "old" mtDNA mutations in some multi-factorial/complex (and common) diseases cannot be ruled out a priori, a pathogenic role specific for such variants can, however, only be inferred from association studies in which haplogroup frequencies are properly evaluated in both patients and controls [31].
Our empirical results support this theory: using propensity score matching techniques and controlling for unobserved individual ability by a proxy, we show a positive effect of older workers' participation in a training program regarding the use of new ICT tools on their probability of transmitting their skills to other colleagues.
Although all studies tested the effect of age, only in four studies was this association statistically significant, and the effect was contentious with two studies showing a positive effect of older age on resilience, and another showing a negative effect of older age on resilience.
In agreement, a protective effect of older age was also observed in other cohorts both in resource-rich and resource-limited settings [ 24, 25].
A combined effect of older age at the time of the examination and the postmenopausal condition on the presence of dysglycemia (either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes) was assessed, with premenopausal women aged <50 years as the reference group.
In contrast, there did not appear to be a protective effect of older age at menarche in women with menarche between 15 and 18 years (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.84 1.11 in women; P = 0.63), suggesting a nonlinear association between menarche timing and diabetes (Fig. 1).
There was compelling evidence of a strong area effect of older maternal age on breastfeeding, with a 1% increase in the percentage of older mothers in a PCT associated with a 4 6% increase in the odds of breastfeeding.
There was a strong delaying effect of older age at ART initiation on age at attaining all Tanner stages (P < 0.05) and menarche (P = 0.02); in boys the delaying effect generally weakened with older age.
Two-way ANOVA analysis of the younger AD patients in comparison to the older AD patients with high amyloid deposition, indicated a significant positive effect of older age, independent of the presence of the ApoE4 allele, on the levels of amyloid deposition only in the putamen (F1,101 = 4.61, p = 0.034).
