In addition, two meta-analyses by Hwang and Jaakkola (2003) and Hwang et al. (2008) reported evidence for an effect of exposure to chlorination by-products on the risk of neural tube defects, urinary system defects, and ventricular septal defects, but risks for other anomalies were considered heterogeneous and inconclusive.
In order to assess the biofouling propensity of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the seawater intake of a desalination system, the effect of chlorination and microfiltration pretreatment processes on these organisms was investigated.
Whereas the analysis so far has concentrated on the effects of program participation, we now address a more general question: what is the effect of chlorination on diarrhea, recognizing that water treatment is practiced by more than just JSWF participants?
It was demonstrated that the increase of direct acting mutagens after treatment with chlorine dioxide is similar to the effect of chlorination.
Strong effect of chlorination conditions on the pore-size distribution was noticed that gives wide possibilities to vary the pore structure of Mo2C derived carbons.
This work explores the effect of chlorination temperature and ball-milling time on the microstructure, specific surface area (SSA) and the pore size distribution.
THMs are produced as a result of chlorination.
Residual chlorine levels were not tested in the current study, therefore the potential effects of chlorination on methemoglobin levels, especially as it relates to public water systems, cannot be effectively assessed.
This computation tool is also useful to decide the effect of booster chlorination on residual chlorine concentration.
As time of travelling at node 5 is less than supply hours, there is no major effect of booster chlorination observed on final concentration of chlorine.
"T" and "T ini" are defined to eliminate the effect of the chlorination initial conditions.
