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Within each trial, the direction of movement alternated between leftward and rightward at an average hazard rate of either 0.1 Hz or 2 Hz.
Patients in the lowest risk quarter had an average hazard ratio of 0.30 (0.12 to 0.75), and those in the highest risk had a hazard ratio of 0.34 (0.25 to 0.46).
Across all analyses, the AKT1 gene upregulated gene signature had an average hazard ratio of 1.7 (range 1.6 1.8) with an average P value of <1E-16 (<1E-16 – <1E-16), paired with a downregulated gene signature average hazard ratio of 0.72 (0.59–0.87) with an average P value of 2.5E-3 (<1E-16–1.4E-2).
The HER2 hazard ratio estimates based on the BCAC data are for HER2-positive cases compared with HER2-negative cases, and so these were rescaled to give an average hazard ratio of unity using an estimated prevalence of HER2 of 9% in ER-positive cases and 25% in ER-negative cases.
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This is discussed in the section Proportions and hazard rates, and an alternative formula for deducing average hazard is proposed in eq. (9).
The relative hazard between KI67-positive and KI67-negative is then 1.3 with an average relative hazard of one.
If for practical purposes the instantaneous rate does not change within the time span, the approximate average hazard can be used as an estimate for the underlying instantaneous rate: - (1/ P ·d P/d t ≈ -∫d P / ∫ Pd t ≈ - Δ P / (P·Δ t), (4) where Δ P = ∫d P is the cumulative number of events occurring during the interval Δ t, and ∫ Pd t ≈ P·Δ t is the corresponding population time at risk.
On this basis, three HIV treatment centres in the Netherlands were selected for this study: centre A has approximately the same risk of dying as the national average (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.54 1.31); centre B has the lowest mortality rate (HR: 0.34; 0.12–0.98); and, centre C has the highest mortality rate (HR: 3.28; 1.93.2856).
The average target hazard quotients (ave THQ) were all less than one and the average Hazard Index (ave HI) for adults and children were 0.448 and 0.343, respectively.
Then, 2013 urban land-use map of the study area was overlaid with flood hazard layer and average hazard values were extracted from hierarchical buffer rings (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m and 2000 m) around urban and rural centers (dependent variables).
To answer this question we have computed the average hazard rate in the recession in two scenarios.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com