It is often only possible to examine the combined effects of these factors through measurements made over long periods, spanning an array of population densities or levels of food availability.
In practice, it is usually only possible to examine the combined effects of density and environmental conditions through measurements made over long periods spanning an array of population densities or levels of food availability.
Five replicate populations of six different natural C. briggsae strains (table 1) underwent independent laboratory evolution for 50 generations or until extinction in an array of population (bottleneck) sizes: N = 1, 10, 100, and 1,000, for a total of 120 evolving lineages.
In each region, some hummingbird species co-occur and feed on the same plant species, which is the situation described by Janzen as diffuse coevolution, defined as an array of interacting populations or species generating "a selective pressure as a group" ([ 58] p. 611).
Cyptobunus taxa are most likely independently derived from surface populations that have since gone extinct, leaving an array of extant, troglomorphic populations that share common ancestry, but not a single troglomorphic common ancestor.
Although e-CheckUpToGo has been tested across an array of high-risk populations (e.g., mandated students, athletes, and freshmen), research on any one college population is relatively limited and would benefit from replication, especially given variation in specific effects on alcohol outcomes across studies.
Such ideas went on to dominant memory research in the adult literature for many decades (they have been questioned in recent years – see Maguire and Mullally, 2013), largely because it provided a useful biological framework by which memory performance, across an array of different tasks, populations and species could be classified using a similar set of concrete criteria (Squire, 2004).
During the 12 years the program awarded more than $2.4 million in seed grant support to an array of projects in population health.
To do so, we utilized individual-based simulations featuring an array of different initial population sizes, types and severity of demographic decline, and DNA markers [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites] as well as decline followed by recovery.
