Other vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, produce hair cells throughout life.
For example, male anuran amphibians produce advertisement calls to attract females for breeding, and as a territorial signal.
Although beaver were uncommon, their creation or modification of wetlands was associated with higher colonization rates for 4 of 5 amphibian species, producing a 34% increase in occupancy in beaver-influenced wetlands compared to wetlands without beaver influence.
The skin colour of amphibians is produced by three layers of pigment cells called chromatophores.
Variations in natural history and life history features of amphibians should produce different patterns, course, and effect of Bd infection [39], [92].
For example, dedifferentiation of damaged amphibian myofibers produces a pool of proliferating progenitor cells that can re-differentiate to form new muscle.
In vitro studies and surveys have shown that bacteria isolated from amphibian skin produce strong anti-Bd metabolites and these metabolites are present on the skin in high enough concentrations to kill Bd zoospores and prevent disease [16] [20].
This means that when the next synopsis is written (on amphibian conservation, say), those producing it just need to add the specialist amphibian journals to the 'bank' of journals that have already been searched.
Bd is the causal agent of chytridiomycosis, an amphibian disease capable of producing epizootics and perhaps species extinctions [ 3, 7].
Further testing has shown that amphibian species that produce the most effective mixes of antimicrobial peptides resist experimental chytrid infection, and tend to be those that survive most successfully in the wild.
In the United States, the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV) produced a client education handout with basic facts on how to avoid transmission of Salmonella bacteria from reptiles to humans (13 ).
