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Substantial differences between countries were observed in the amount of antimicrobials used to produce 1 kg of meat.
Fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and nitrofurans were the antimicrobials commonly used by most farms (57.1, 53.1, 46.9 and 17.3 % respectively), whereas sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and nitrofurans were quantitatively the most used compounds (48.2, 26.5, 16.1 and 7.6%% of the total amount of antimicrobials used).
This account was confirmed by the amount of antimicrobials being prescribed for finishers, which was close to zero.
A clear link can therefore be expected between the incidence of disease and amount of antimicrobials used.
On the other hand, initiating early treatment may reduce transmission of disease and thus decrease the total amount of antimicrobials needed.
As a result, the amount of antimicrobials consumed per kilogram of pig meat produced was reduced by 50%% from 1994 to 2013 [ 88, 89].
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Additionally, detailed statistics are needed on the overall amount of antimicrobial agents dispensed in Germany.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the least amount of antimicrobial substance added that did not result in blackish color of the medium.
The titer of the antimicrobial substance solution, in AU/mL, was calculated as (1000/d) D, where D was the dilution factor, and d was the dose, the amount of antimicrobial substance solution added to each spot.
This study analyses the amount of antimicrobial agents used in nine European countries from 2005 to 2011, and compares by univariate analysis the correlations between consumptions of each of the following antimicrobial classes; tetracycline, penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones and macrolides.
Relatively higher degree of resistance observed in pUb1-DR-T plants than the plants transformed with single-protein constructs might be by boosting the amount of antimicrobial proteins produced rather than through any cooperative effect of two different proteins.
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