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We report here c-CBL mutations that mapped not only to the RING finger domain, but also to the TKB domain, proline-rich domain and the C-terminal region, but none mapped to the linker region as reported in the AML studies described above [23], [24], [25], [26], [29].
A review of 36 AML studies involving a total of 12,370 patients (median age 70 yrs) found that the median overall survival for patients receiving supportive care alone was only 7.5 weeks and for those receiving supportive care with non-intensive therapy only 12 weeks [5].
Our present observations are also consistent with earlier AML studies of low-dose cytarabine [ 38].
The development of mouse strains more heavily immunosuppressed than the scid and NOD/scid mice used in early AML studies has been a major step forward.
Two adult AML studies (but no pediatric studies) showed that a single CEBPA mutation can be an independent favorable prognostic factor in patients harboring NPM1 mutations.
67 Also, in AML studies with MLN518/tandutinib, three cases of tandutinib-related muscular weakness were reported as dose-limiting toxicities.
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Heterozygous SPI1 mutations were reported in 7% of a Japanese AML study (9/126 AMLs, with half of the cases comprising point mutations and the other half deletions).
In the AML study, the mutation R420Q located in the junction of the RING finger and the linker region inhibited FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) internalization and ubiquitination [20], thus contributing to the gain-in-function for the RTK.
A search of the Oncomine database (December 09) revealed that PRL-3 was significantly overexpressed in FLT3-ITD positive AML as compared to FLT3-ITD negative AML (study name: Valk_leukemia, 78 vs 206 cases, p<0.001, Figure S3) [15], indicating a possible association between PRL-3 expression and FLT3-ITD mutation.
In contrast with the results of the Japanese AML study, investigations of North-American and European cohorts reported SPI1 mutations in <1% of primary AML patients (56).
A second AML study analysed 215 newly diagnosed leukaemic patients and CD34+ cells from four healthy subjects using a multiplexing real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method (Jongen-Lavrencic et al, 2008).
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