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The purpose of this review is to discuss recent developments in our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms, prevention, and treatments that have been designed to ameliorate brain dysfunction after cardiac surgery.
A large body of evidence indicates that SM can ameliorate brain injury.
Mannitol and hypertonic saline are used to ameliorate brain edema and intracranial hypertension during and after craniotomy.
4 5 Hyperosmolar agents have been used to ameliorate brain oedema and intracranial hypertension during and after craniotomy, and mannitol and hypertonic saline (HS) are the two most extensively studied and most frequently used in the clinical practice.
In this context, pharmacological postconditioning with volatile anesthetics in addition to mild hypothermia may offer an attractive opportunity to further ameliorate brain damage and inflammation in the post-resuscitation period.
TXA2 receptor antagonist can ameliorate brain edema and cerebral infarct areas following focal cerebral ischemia [ 46], indicating that IP receptor is neuroprotective, while the TP receptor mediates harmful effects on cerebral ischemia injury.
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IL-10 and IL-22 are key members of the IL-10 cytokine family, and previous studies have highlighted the protective function of endogenous IL-10 and IL-22 during ischemic stroke through ameliorating brain inflammation and injury (Fouda et al., 2013).
Breathing NO markedly ameliorated brain injury and improved neurological function and 10-day survival rate in mice [ 18].
Whereas intravenous injection of anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody would remarkably ameliorated brain infarction in middle cerebral artery occlusion models [ 13].
Another GSM CHF-5074 based on R-flurbiprofen ameliorated brain A β load and improved the animals' performance in behavior tests.
A previous study showed that arundic acid administration markedly ameliorates brain damage in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model.
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