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Most studies of ambient associations between air pollution and health have relied on observations from relatively sparse networks of ground-based pollution monitors over relatively short periods of time.
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Factors affecting the strength of the personal-ambient associations across the studies were also examined with meta-regression.
We found that season and some population characteristics, such as pre-existing disease, were significant factors affecting the strength of the personal-ambient associations.
However, the effects of study design, exposure factors, and sampling and measurement errors on the strength of the personal-ambient associations have not been evaluated quantitatively in a systematic manner.
Associations with ambient PM10 were converted to associations with PM2.5 by assuming that 75% of all particles < 10 μm were also < 2.5 μm.
Associations between ambient PM2.5 and FENO collected after the trips also differed substantially from pre-trip associations.
Associations between ambient particles and NO2 and SO2 were significant only during the fall; the association between ambient EC and NO2, both traffic-related pollutants, was particularly strong and positive (t-value = 11.39).
Associations of ambient PM10 with systolic BP appeared moderately stronger in truck drivers (5-day and 8-day), whereas associations of ambient PM10 with diastolic BP appeared stronger in office workers, particularly for the 8-day mean (Table 4).
The association between ambient PM2.5 and SDNN was positive for individuals with COPD, with associations strongest for the 4-hr moving average (Table 4 ).
Limited evidence concerns the associations between ambient temperature and lung function and the results are mixed.
Although positive associations between ambient NO2 concentrations and personal exposures have generally been found by exposure studies, the strength of the associations varied among studies.
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